【Ubuntu系列】手动装包 .deb/dpkg

简介
- 全称 debian-binary
- 一种文件，后缀名是.deb，存储了单个软件的各种信息和所需依赖
可用于安装软件
- 首先下载单个文件到本地
```
wget xxx.deb
```
- 然后
  - 借助 dpkg 命令
```
dpkg -i xxx.deb
```
  - 或者借助 apt 命令
```
apt install xxx.deb
```
  - 【注意】这里用 apt 直接安装，也是能通过dpkg -l查到的，所以也是能通过下面的方式卸载的(当然，也可以用apt remove卸载)
  - 本质上，apt 命令安装的底层，也是调用 dpkg 命令，如果能直接给 .deb 文件当然最好，不然就会去下面的 source 那里直接拿 .deb 文件的网址路径，直接通过路径安装
  - 所以上面的xxx.deb也可以直接换成网址，跳过wget下载的步骤
装完后，如果想卸载
- 先查到包的全名
```
dpkg -l | grep "包大概名字"
```
- 卸载指令
```
dpkg -r 包的全名
```
查看是否安装有某个软件
```
dpkg -l | grep "软件名"
```

source.list

简介
- 是一种文件，后缀名是.list，存储了包的安装源
- 【问】什么是安装源？
- 【答】源就相当于各种手机获取软件的商店，从这里可以获取到 apt 想要安装的所有包的 deb 文件，并自动安装

系统内的源

保存位置
```
cd /etc/apt && ls 
```
```
cat sources.list
```

重点看sources.list，默认内容如下:

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic main
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security main
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates main

这里bionic是最上面系统版本输出的Codename

可以备份一个

cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak

添加更丰富的安装源

需要把下面的内容追加到sources.list的最后面

海外digitalocean

deb http://mirrors.digitalocean.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse 
deb http://mirrors.digitalocean.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.digitalocean.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.digitalocean.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.digitalocean.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.digitalocean.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.digitalocean.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.digitalocean.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.digitalocean.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.digitalocean.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

国内阿里

deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

解释
- deb代表的网址:提供已编译过的包
- deb-src代表的网址: 提供源码的包

更新文件到内存，使之生效
```
sudo apt update
```

Keyboard shortcuts

【Ubuntu系列】手动装包 .deb/dpkg

source.list